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Optimal System Design for Large Diameter RO Elements Written by Antonia von Guttberg, Koch Membrane Systems, Inc.    Large diameter reverse osmosis (RO) membrane elements were originally designed as a cost-saving solution for very large plants producing ten million gallons (1,600-m3/h) of water or more per day. However, market acceptance of 18-in diameter RO element shows that large diameter elements are also efficient and economical solutions for brackish water RO systems with a capacity beginning at 400,000-gpd (60-m3/h), and for seawater desalination systems producing as little as 100,000-gpd (16-m3/h). Tags: Filters, read more...

The Causes of Water Hammer (Part One) Written by Joe Evans, Ph. D.    Pumps & Systems, August  2008 In Part One of this two-part column, we will define water hammer and explore the events that cause it. We will also try to gain perspective on the additional pressure it generates. Tags: August 2008 Issue, Energy Efficiency, Pump Ed 101, Pumps, read more...